Lallianchhunga, Mizoram
University
Sawi Hawnna
‘Mizote
hian kum zabi-19 chawhnu lama Sap hoin min awp hnu atang chauhin ziakin
chanchin dah that leh chhiar tur kan nei ve anga ngaih a ni a’[1]
, a tir atangin Sap ho khan Mizote chu lal neia khawtin inbawk hrang thiah kan
ni tih an rawn hre nghal mai a. Mizoram chhim lama hnam lian tak pahnih awm,
Lai leh Mara te’n anmahni bil lal an nei tih lohah chuan Mizo lalte hi chi
hnih-Sailo lal leh Hnamchawm lal- angin then theih an ni a. Sailo lalte hi
ropui zawk leh thiltithei zawk ni mah se an khua leh tuite laka thuneihna an
neih danah erawh Mizo lal dangte nen an thuneihna a intluk deuh vek thung a[2];
an thuneihna hnar pawh sa leh ral laka an khua leh tuite venhim a tulna atanga
lo irhchhuak a nih a rinawm.
Anmahni
dotu te lak atanga an khua leh tuite venhim chu lal hnapui ber a nih avangin
eichawp dap turin Lo an nei ve hman lova, chuvangin a khaw mipuite’n an lal chu
‘fathang’ leh thil dangin an chawm thin a ni. Hun a lo kalzel a, a khua leh
tuite himna ringawt ni lo, khawchhunga cheng mihringte mumal leh awmze nei
zawka an chen ho theihna atan ruahmanna hrang hrangte siam a lo ngai a, chungte
chu ‘ziak loh dan’ (Unwritten Law) anga kenkawh a lo tul a, chu chu lal leh a
khawnbawl upa, leh valupa te kutah a awm ta a; thuneitu ber erawh lal tho kha a
ni a. A tawi zawng chuan Mizo lalte khan thuneihna an pumhmawm vek kan ti thei
ang.
Hmanlai Chuan
Sap
hoin min awp beh hma khan Mizo lal chuan a khua leh tuite nunna chungah
‘thuneihna’ a nei a, an dam leh an thih theihna turin an chungah ro a rel thei[3].
Khua 2/3 thlengin a awp a, chung khua leh a chhehvel ram zawng zawng chu lal
thuneihna hnuai a mi vek a ni bawk. Lal chuan a khua leh tuite thilneih eng
pawh a chhuhsak thiang vek a, a khua leh tuite incheina hmanrua pakhat ‘Thi’
pawh a chhuhsak fo thin a ni ngei ang, ‘lal hlau lo thi’ tih pawh tawngkam lar
tak a ni thin. A chenna In thawm that a ngaih pawhin a khua leh tuite’n
hnatlangin an siam thatsak thin bawk.A khua leh tuite zingah thubuai nei an awm
pawhin lal leh a khawnbawl upate’n an ngaihtuah ho thin a, a thiam lo zawk chu
‘Salam’ atanga ‘Se Nufa’ thlengin an chawi tir thin a ni[4].
Lal leh a khawnbawl upate thuremna hi an khua leh tuite’n an hnial thiang lo.
Lal chuan tualthattu pawh a hum thei a, mahse chung a mi hum te chu an
damchhungin an thlahte nen lal ‘bawi’ an ni tawh thin a, heng mite hi ‘Chemsen
bawi’ tiin an ko; tin, khawchhunga buaina siam ching, lal meuh pawhin a zilh
harh zawh loh chu ram chhuahnaah emaw khawi lo kalnaah emaw a nung chunga lo
haw tawh lo tura dahthat an ni thin, ‘A chi tam hmaa thah tur’ tih hi an khawtlang
thuvawn a ni[5].
Lal,
khawnbawl upa ho leh val upa te uapna hnuaia Mizo khawtlang inawp dan hi
ngaihnawm tak ziak tur a awm. Val upate kaihhruaina hnuaiah khawchhung a
tlangval zawng zawng leh pavalai deuh, fa pahnih pathum la nei lo chin te chu
‘Zawlbuk-ah’ an riak vek thin a.Ral leh sa laka an khaw venhim chu an hna ber
ni mah se ‘Zawlbuk’ a riak thin te chuan tlawmngaihnate, huaisennate leh nundan
mawi tam tak an zir nghal a. Zawlbuk a riak te mamawh tui leh thingtuah tur hi
tlai tin mipa naupangte’n an dah khawl sak thin a, tumah an awl ru ngam ngai
lo; lo awl ru an awm chuan hrem an tawk thin a ni[6].
Tin, zu rui chunga Zawlbuka luh leh khawlaia bengchheng emaw buaina siam hi
thiang lo tluka ngaih a ni bawk; chutiang mi chuan a titu hriat lohin sawisak
rawn an tawk fo thin a ni[7].
Zawlbuk
a riak thin te hi khawchhungah an lal em em bawk a; Zawlbuk chhungah an lo
bengchheng a, chu chu lalin alo hriat pawhin lal ngei pawhin Zawlbuk chung vawm
rik dawt emaw a upa tu emaw kaltlanga bengchheng siam lo tura hrilh bak lo chu
tawngkain a hau ngam ngai lo bawk. An nula rimin a lo biak that duh loh a, chu
chu Zawlbukah an sawi ho hnua tlangval a lungawi ngang loh chuan nulate In-ah
chuan ‘lenparual’ an thlak a, ‘khai aw’ tiin In nghing luai luai khawpin
tlangval ho chuan an sawi thin a ni[8].
Khawtual nula zinga chepawlawh deuh an hriat an hrem dan chu ‘Zawn/Mihur Zawn[9]’
an ti a, tunlaia ‘pawngsual rawn’ kan tih nen hian a danglam awm lo ve.Uire-na
chungchangah pawh a uiretu mipa tan hremna a awm lova, mahse hmeichhe tan thung
chuan zahthlak theihtawpin khawchhung hmun lunlai berah a pasalin a nupui
‘thul’ a khaisak thin bawk a ni.
Hmanlai
Mizo lalte’n an thuneihna an hman sual theih lak atanga lo thlifimtu hi a awm
lo kan ti thei ang.Lalte khan an thuneihna kha an duh chuan rawng takin an
hmang thei a, chumi lo do let tur engmah a awm lo tihna a ni ber. A awmchhun
ber nia lang chu khawdanga pem san a ni awm e. Hei pawh hi fimkhur taka tih a
la ngai cheu a, mi mut reh hun zanlaiah tumahin an hriat loh turin an pem thin;
khawdanga an pem tur thu lalin a lo hriat hmasak chuan an pem hma pawhin an
thilneih zawng zawng a chhuhsak thei a, chuvangin fimkhur taka hmalak ngai chi
a ni. Tin, an pem a nih pawhin an khaw lal laina hnai emaw thian tha lalna khua
a pem chu an tan a la him lo thei bawk; chuvangin, an khaw lal hmelma khuaah an
pem tlangpui thin bawk.
Khawtlang
inawpna thil tum
Mizo
chanchin ziaktu te an thuziak a an inlungrualna em em chu hmanlai atanga ‘khawtlang
lungrual’ ni tura ‘mimal dikna chanvo’ aia ‘vantlang dikna chanvo’ an ngaih
pawimawh zia an tarlang vek hi a ni awm e. Hetihrual hian ‘mimal dikna chanvo’
pawh a theih chin chinah chuan an humhalh tha viauin a lang. Mi tupawhin
lungawi lohna a neih chuan lal leh upate rel turin lal hnenah a thlen thei a.
Thubuai neitu zing ami kha lal laina hnai an nih chuan an thubuai rem laiin lal
a awm ngai lova, an thurem zawhah lal kha an thurem dan an hrilh chauh thin a
ni. Tin, thubuai neitute hi dawt sawia tan khawh an awm ngai meuh loh avangin
thurem hi an awlsam viau a; vawikhat dawtsawi an finfiah sak tawh tan hun dangah
hnehna chan a harsat tawh thin em avangin thubuaiah miin dawt an sawi ngam lo a
ni.
Vantlang
tana mi hnawksak lo te ‘dikna chanvo’ an humhalh viau laiin ‘vantlang tana mi
hnawk sak ni a an hriat’ te chunga thuneihna an lekkawh duh dan erawh a dang
hle thung. Tualthattu chu a mi thaha chhungte’n thah ve ngei an tum a, chuta
tanga atana inhumhimna awm chhun chu lal ‘sutpui’ vawn a, amah leh a thlahte
thlenga lal bawi a tan a ni a, a tan zalen lehna kawng a kaw lo hle.
Khawchhunga hmeichhe awm khaw lo deuh an buaipui dan atang hi chuan kha
hmeichhe tan khan ‘khaw eng’ hmuh ngam a ni tawh hauh lo bawk ang. Khawtlang
tana mi hnawksak leh chimawm te laka ‘tlangsawi’ an kalpui dan pawh hi a tuartu
tan thubuaia lak theih a ni lo, lalin a titute a tan ru tih an hriat vang a ni.
Nunau tithlabar zawnga che thin te chu ‘A chi thlah tam hmaa thah tur’ tih hi
an thu kalpui dan a ni a. K.Zawla chuan hmanlai Mizo khawtlang nunah khan “….misual tih sim zawh loh an nei ngai lo” ti
hialin a ziak a ni.
Hmanlai
Mizo chanchin a lal te’n an khua leh tui te an awpna kawnga pawimawh ber ni a
lang chu ‘vantlang tana ralmuanna leh inlungrualna siam’ a ni tih a lang. Heihi
a pawimawhna pahnih lo tarlang ila: Pakhatna,
khua leh khua, chi leh chi indo hunlai a nih avang leh ramsa kawlh laka indo
puang thei reng an nih avangin khawtlang inlungrualna hi an mamawh hle ang tih
a hriat. An inlungrualna tichhe theitu, khawtual mi kawhmawhbawl ching te leh
nunau thin tithawng zawnga che thin te khawchhungah zalen taka an chet ngam
lohna turin chung mite lakah chuan ‘thununna’ an lekkawh thin a ni. Pahnihna, khawtlang an inlungrualna
turin lal pawhin khawchhunga misual ni a hriatte lakah beng a hup san ngam a
pawimawh hle tih a hriat. Khawtlangin misual ni a an hriatte thlavang hauh
zawnga lal a chet chuan khawtlang inlungrualna a chhe thei bawk. Tlangval rual
te chu sa leh ral laka an khaw venghimtu ber an nih avangin a huho a an thiltih
dodal zawnga awm chu lal pawhin an duh lo tih a lang.
Sap
ho lo lan hnua danglamnate
Kum
1890 hnua Sap hoin Mizoram an awp atangin Mizo lalte thuneihna pawh zawi zawiin
an ti danglam a; thih leh dam thua lal thuneihna chu tih tawp a ni a, bawi neih
an khap a, ‘mihur zawn’ an khap bawk a, midangte bungrua chhuhsak pawh an khap
zingah a tel. Heti chung hian lal te chu an khua leh tuite an enkawlna danah
leh vantlang nun ralmuang leh lungrual an siam theihna turah chuan hmanlai
atanga an lo chin than tawh tam tak an chhawm tir zel thung a ni. Mahse,
inawpna tharah chuan lal te chu thuneitu ber an ni tawh lova, an chungah an aia
lal, Sap sawrkar hotute leh an hnuaia thawktute an lo awm a; chung hoin an rawn
ken tel chu sakhaw thar leh zirna In te a lo ni a, chuvangin rei lo te chhungin
Mizo khawtlang nun ti ralmuangtu leh tanrualna siamtu ‘Zawlbuk’ pawh a lo tawp
ta hial a ni[10].
An
chungah an aia thuneitu zawk an awm tak avangin Mizo lal te thuneihna pawh a
kiam hret hret a, Zawlbuk a lo tawp bawk nen, Mizo khawtlang nunah chuan tun
hmaa an la hriat ngai loh ‘hmun ruak’ a lo awm ta a, chu chu khawtlang nuna
‘inthununna’ kengkawhtu a awm tak loh vang a ni. Chumi ‘hmun ruak’ hnawh khat
turin Sap Missionary te ruahmanna hnuaiah kum 1935 June 15-ah ‘Young Lushai
Association’ (YLA), a hnua ‘Young Mizo Association’ (YMA) tia vuah chu an din
ta a. Mizo lal ho lalna pawh kum 1954 atangin tihtawp a lo ni ta bawk a, an
aiawh turin mipui thlan Village Council din a a ni a. Tichuan, hmanlai Mizo
khawtlang nuna khawtlang ralmuanna leh inlungrualna siamtu hmanrua heng, lal,
khawnbawl upa, valupa leh zawlbuk te chu YMA, Village Council (VC)/Local
Council (LC) te’n an thlak ta a; heng mite phenah hian YMA dinna a bultumtu te
aiawhin Kohhran hruaitu te an awm bawk.
Hmanlai
leh Tunlai Chu
Kum
zabi 21-na a Mizo khawtlang nun hi hmanlai aiin danglamna tam tak a awm a.
Chung danglamna te chu eizawnna bulpui inthlak leh zirna In hrang hrang din a
nih vang kan ti thei ang. Hmanlai angin indo a awm tawh lova, sa leh ral laka
inhumhim a tul tawh lo bawk a. Misual te man a, an phu ang tawk a an chunga
rorelna kengkawh turin Police, Dan, thubuai remtu (Magistrate/Judge) leh Jail a
awm tawh a. Hmanlaia Mizo khawtlang nun inawp dan tam tak kha kan mamawh tawh
lo a ni. Heti chung hian tun hma atanga Mizo khawtlang inawp dan, ziak loh dan
hmanga inawpna chu chhawm nung zelin kum 2005 khan ‘Mizo Hnam Dan’ (Mizo
Customary Law) chu ziaka dah that turin Mizoram Dan Siamna Inpui (Legislative
Assembly) chuan a lo pawm ta bawk a ni[11]
Hetihrual
hian hmanlai atanga Mizo khawtlang hruaitute lung ti leng a, an awmna khua/veng
theuh a an kenkawh reng tura an duh ber a awm a, chu chu ‘khawtlang
inlungrualna hi a n’i kan ti thei awm e. Kum zabi 21-na hunah pawh hian Mizo te
chu khua/veng tel telin kan la khawsa chhunzawm zel a, heng khua/veng te hi
ramri kham fel tak nei a din niin, chumi huam chhungah chuan YMA, VC/LC, Kohhran
leh tlawmngai pawl hrang hrang te an awm zel bawk. Heng pawl hrang hrang te leh
tualchhung sawrkar kan tih te hi an chungah Mizoram pum huapa khaikhawmtu awm
mah se an ‘rinawmna’ (loyalty) chu an awmna veng/khua tan an hlan hmasa ber tho
thin a ni. An puala Sawrkarin Dan a siamah khawtlang an enkawl dan tur
chipchiar taka tarlan ni lo mahse hmanlai atanga Mizo khawtlang inawp dan
kalphung kha tunlai hunah pawh VC/LC te hian an la kalsan lo hle[12].
Helaia
kan tarlan hmaih loh tur chu kum zabi 21-na a Mizo khawtlang nun inawp danah
hian hmanlaia ‘thununna’ an lekkawh dan, heng Tlangchil, Tlangsawi, Mihur Zawn
leh lal thupeka vantlang tana mi hnawksak ‘dah that’ te kha danin phal tawh lo
mah se ‘Mizo Hnam Dan’ angin khawtlang roreltute chu ‘Misual bik chungchanga’
an tih tur mawhphurhna pek chhunzawm zel an la ni a[13];
tin, he ‘Dan’ vek hian Chang 133-ah ‘Vantlang tana hnawksak’ a tihte pawh
chiang takin a tarlang a, chungte chu (1) Khawlaia ruih mualpho, (2) Mi tibuai
zawnga bengchheng siam, (3) Vantlang leh mimal tana rimchhe siam, (4) Zahpah
leh pawisak nei lova khawlaia khawsak, (5) Khawlaia midang pawng vau, leh (6)
Vantlang emaw, mimal emaw tana hnawksak leh huatthlala a awm te a ni. Tichuan,
khawtlang enkawlna turin VC/LC te thuneihna bakah ‘Mizo Hnam Dan’ a awm a,
chumi piah lamah chuan khua/veng a sualna hrang hrang do turin Sawrkar hriatpuiin
‘Village Defence Party[14]’
(VDP) din theih ala ni bawk, khua/veng engemaw zatah erawh VDP din loin VC/LC
kaihhruaina hnuaiah vengchhung tlawmngai pawl hrang hrangte telna ‘Joint Action
Committee’ (JAC) an din tlangpui bawk.
Tlangkawmna
Heng
kan sawi takte atanga lang chiang tak mai chu
khawtlang muanawm leh mipui tanrualna nei tura hmanlai atanga bul tan
kha kum 100 chuang a liam hnuah pawh la chhunzawm zel a ni a; chumi
tihlawhtling tura tha thawhtu leh a kalphung erawh a inthlak nasa hle thung.
Mizo pi leh pute’n ‘ziak loh dan’ an neih chu tunlai ‘Dan’ in a pawm theih chin
a siam rem zelin, leh Sawrkar ‘Dan’ tan chhan a hmangin tunlai hunah pawh
khawtlang hruaitu te’n ‘khawtlang muanawm’ siam turin an la bei fat fat zel a
ni. Chumi atana an beihna kawnga an rilru leh ngaihtuahna ti khawng turin Bible
a innghat Kristian ‘thurin’ chuan nasa takin a tanpui bawk. Khawtlang mipui
tana hnawksak a che thinte leh misualte awmdan chu Bible zirtirna nen a lo
inkalh ve zel bawk a. Heivang hian khawtlang muanawm siam tura thawktu te leh
an awmna veng/khua a Kohhran chu inlungrual takin ke an pen theih phah a ni.
Khawtlang
muanawm siam hi an thil tum ber a nih avangin an khua/veng muanna leh himna ti
chhe thei tur ni a an hriat chu khawtlang hruaitute hian an ‘dodal’ hreh lo[15];
LC/VC te hi tualchhung Sawrkar ni tura State Sawrkarin dan hmanga a din thlap
an ni chungin an khua/veng muanna leh himna
tichhe tur zawngin State Sawrkar thu an zawm diak diak lem lo a ni.
Khua/ veng chhungah zu dawr awm lo se, zu rui te tlangnel lo se, awlsam taka
ruih tur miin a hmuh chuan a pawisa neihin a tlin loh hunah thil a ru thei;
khawtlang hi naupang leh hmeichhia te tan pawh a ralmuan ve theih nan a siam hi
hmanlai atanga tunlai thlenga khawtlang roreltute thil tum a ni tih a lang
chiang hle.
Mizo
khawtlang nunah hian ‘mimal dikna chanvo’ aiin ‘vantlang dikna chanvo’ hian
hmanlai atangin tunlai thlengin hmun a chang thuk zawk a; amaherawhchu, ‘mimal
dikna leh zalenna’ te hi palzut nasat a ni kher lo thung. Hmanlai a lungawi
lohna neite thubuai kha lal leh a Khawnbawl Upate’n thiam leh rang takin an
chingfel thin a. Tunlai hunah chuan ‘ziak dan’ (Written Law) hmanga thubuai
remna kalphung kan nei a. Heng hmanlai leh tunlai huna thubuai remna kalphung
te hian chakna leh chak tawk lohna an nei ve ve ngei ang;mahse, a pawimawh zawk
chu khawtlang ralmuanna atana hmanrua tichaktu an ni ve ve hi a ni. Tualthattu
leh sualna lian tham khawitu te tan hmanlai atanga tunlai hun thlengin Mizo khawtlangah
an tan ‘hmun’ a awm lo zel. Sualna tenau deuh khawihtu, khawtlang mipui
tangrual te zilh sim theih leh tunlai huna dan hmanga hrem sim theih te tan
erawh khawtlangah ‘hmun’ a la awm zel thung. Chu chu khawtlang nuam siam tura
hmanlai kalphung leh tunlai kalphung
inzawmna lai tak chu a ni a. James C.Scott pawhin hetianga tlangmi te’n hmanlai
atanga an tihdan chhawm nung zela tunlai thlenga inlungrual taka an la chen ho
theihna hi ‘changkan lohna a ni lo[16]’
(Not uncililized) a ti hial a ni.
[1] Choudhury, NishipadaDeve (2013) The Early Inhabitants of North-East
India:With Special reference to Mizoram, in J.V.Hluna (Ed.) History and Ethnic Identity Formation in
North-East IndiaNew Delhi:Concept Publishing Company Pvt.Ltd. P. 9
[2] Prasad, R.N. (2013) Traditional Political Institution of
Chieftainship in Mizoram:Powers, Functions, Position and Privileges, in
J.V.Hluna (Ed.) History and Ethnic
Identity Formation in North-East IndiaNew Delhi:Concept Publishing Company
Pvt.Ltd. Pp. 197-198
[3] Mizo chanchin a lal nunrawng bera sawi chu Palian lal Sibuta kha a
ni awm e. Lal dangte chuan an khua leh tuite chungah zahngaihna nena rorelna an
lekkawh thin laiin Sibuta hi chuan a unaunu, Darlalpuii chu rawng takin a
khuangchawina-ah Sechhun angina a chhun hlum a ni. (Chipchiar zawkin: Zawla, K.
Mizo Pipute leh An Thlahte Chanchin.
Aizawl: Lengchhawn Press 5th Edition (2011) Pp. 195-205)
[4] Lianthanga, C. Hmanlai Mizo Nun Aizawl : Mizoram Publication Board,
1999 p. 85-86
[5]Zawla, K. Mizo Pipute leh An Thlahte Chanchin. Aizawl: Lengchhawn
Press 5th Edition (2011) Pp.151-164
[6] Lianthanga, C. Ibid p. 101
[7] Zawla, K. Ibid p.161
[8] Lianthanga, C Ibid p.35 Ziaktu dang B.Lalthangliana chuan, “An hrem
tur nula in an va thlen chuan, an kaiten zawng zawng an phehdarhsak vek emaw,
an in bang chhak leh thlang tlawh thlaksak vek hial emawin an va hrem a” tiin a
ziak. (Chipchiar zawkin Lalthangliana,
B. Mizo Chanchin: India, Burma &
Bangladesh. Aizawl: The RTM Press, 2001 p.290)
[9] “ Khawkhat nula zinga chepawlawh deuh leh hur chung chuang deuhva
mi sawi chu tlangval ho intiamrual khan daipawnah an zawn chhuak a, an rawn
hrep mai thin a.Chu chuan nula awm khawlo turte pawh a tihtim phah hle a
ni” Thulakna : Lianthanga, C. Ibid p.36
[10] Chipchiar a chhiar duh tan
Lalthangliana, B. Mizo Chanchin:
India, Burma & Bangladesh. Aizawl: The RTM Press, 2001 Pp. 595-596.
[11]Mizoram Gazette Extra Ordinary No.Vol.XXXIV Aizawl Wednesday
6.4.2005 Chaitra, S.E.1927. Issue No.66 ah Mizo Hnam Dan hian Bung 1 atanga
Bung 12 thleng a awh a; hemi chhungah hian Mizo Khawtlang Inawp Dan, Nupui
Pasal Inneih/Inthen, Thihna Chungchang, Ran Vulh Chungchang, Ro Inluah Chhawn
Dan etc te chipchiar taka ziak a ni.
[12] The Lushai Hills District
(Village Council) Amendment Act,2014 phalsak angin VC te hian kum khatah vawi
thum (3) tal ‘Vantlang Inkhawm’ (Gram Sabha)an ko thei a, ‘vantlang Inkhawm’ an
kohna tur chhan erawh Dan a inziak ang chuan ‘khawchhung hmasawnna tura mipuite
nena ruahmanna siam ho’ lam a hawi zawk mah. (Section 11A). The Mizoram Municipalities
(Ward Committee and Local Council) Rules, 2010 ah chuan sub-section (3) of section
23 of The Mizoram Municipalities Act.2007 in a phalsak angin Municipality dinna
a Local Council te chu Mizo hnam dan anga an huamchhung theuh enkawl a phalsak
thung. (Rule 20-General Function)
[13] Mizo Hnam Dan Chang 33: Misual bik chungchanga khawtlang roreltute
mawhphurhna- Khaw huamchhungah ruk-ruk vangte, zu ruih vangte leh thil tha
lo dang tih vangtea khawtlang hriat thama misual leh hnawksak bikte chu Roreltuten
an chungthu an relsak thei.
[14] Village Defence Party (VDP) hi The Mizoram Police Act,2011 Sec. 49
tlawhchhanin bialtu Superintendent of Police in khawchhunga mi zahawm chin
thlang chhuakin mi 15 aia tam lo awmna a din thei. JAC hi chu dan tlawhchhan a
din a ni lova, veng/khaw huamchhunga tlawmngai pawl hrang hrangin LC emaw VC kaihhruaina hnuaia khawtlang muanawm
an neih theihna tura an thawh hona ‘pawl’ a ni thung.
SP (Police)
leh VDP te thawh hona hrechiang duh tan http://www.vanglaini.org/tualchhung/23975
leh http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/lunglei-sp-leh-vdp-inkawm Retrieved on 22nd July,2015.
[15] Mizoram Sawrkarin zu khap burna dan, MLTP Act, 1997 thlaktu MLPC
Act,2014 hmanga Sawrkar Corporation leh mimal hnena zu dawr hawn phalna a pek
chu Aizawl khawpui veng hrang hrangin an venga zu dawr hawn an phal lo thu
thuchhuah siamin an sawi. MAMCO in Chanmari a hawn an tum chu khawtlangin an
phal lova; ZIDCO in Vaivakawn a hawn an tum pawh LC huaihawt a vantlang
inkhawmin rem a ti lo bawk; MIFCO in Chaltlang North (Lily Veng) a zu dawr hawn
an tum pawh JAC huaihawt a dodalna hlawhtling tak a lan tir a ni bawk; mimalin
Salem veng mawnga zu dawr an hawn pawh kohhran leh khawtlang tangrualin an
chhuah tir.
[16] James C.Scott hian a lehkhabuah hian tlang rama cheng hnam hrang
hrang, India leh Burma inrina bawr a chengte atanga Thailai hmarlam, Laos,
Vietnam leh China chhim-thlang tawpa chengte nun dan a chhui a. Heng hnam te’n
hmanlai atanga a hohu nun an kalpui dan leh an aia hnam chak zawk te an pumpelh
duh avanga tlangram an bawh zel dan chhuiin, hnam chak zawkte an pumpelh theih
zel avanga tunlai thlenga an hnam chindan phung an la chhawm nun theih dan a
tarlang. Chung tlangmi te chu ‘Zomia’ tiin a vuah a ni.
Chipchiar a
chhiar duh tan Scott, James C. The Art of
Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. New
Haven & London: Yale University Press. 2009.
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