Mizo khawtlang inrelbawl dan: Hmanlai leh tunlai

Lallianchhunga, Mizoram University

Sawi Hawnna

‘Mizote hian kum zabi-19 chawhnu lama Sap hoin min awp hnu atang chauhin ziakin chanchin dah that leh chhiar tur kan nei ve anga ngaih a ni a’[1] , a tir atangin Sap ho khan Mizote chu lal neia khawtin inbawk hrang thiah kan ni tih an rawn hre nghal mai a. Mizoram chhim lama hnam lian tak pahnih awm, Lai leh Mara te’n anmahni bil lal an nei tih lohah chuan Mizo lalte hi chi hnih-Sailo lal leh Hnamchawm lal- angin then theih an ni a. Sailo lalte hi ropui zawk leh thiltithei zawk ni mah se an khua leh tuite laka thuneihna an neih danah erawh Mizo lal dangte nen an thuneihna a intluk deuh vek thung a[2]; an thuneihna hnar pawh sa leh ral laka an khua leh tuite venhim a tulna atanga lo irhchhuak a nih a rinawm.

Anmahni dotu te lak atanga an khua leh tuite venhim chu lal hnapui ber a nih avangin eichawp dap turin Lo an nei ve hman lova, chuvangin a khaw mipuite’n an lal chu ‘fathang’ leh thil dangin an chawm thin a ni. Hun a lo kalzel a, a khua leh tuite himna ringawt ni lo, khawchhunga cheng mihringte mumal leh awmze nei zawka an chen ho theihna atan ruahmanna hrang hrangte siam a lo ngai a, chungte chu ‘ziak loh dan’ (Unwritten Law) anga kenkawh a lo tul a, chu chu lal leh a khawnbawl upa, leh valupa te kutah a awm ta a; thuneitu ber erawh lal tho kha a ni a. A tawi zawng chuan Mizo lalte khan thuneihna an pumhmawm vek kan ti thei ang.

Hmanlai Chuan

Sap hoin min awp beh hma khan Mizo lal chuan a khua leh tuite nunna chungah ‘thuneihna’ a nei a, an dam leh an thih theihna turin an chungah ro a rel thei[3]. Khua 2/3 thlengin a awp a, chung khua leh a chhehvel ram zawng zawng chu lal thuneihna hnuai a mi vek a ni bawk. Lal chuan a khua leh tuite thilneih eng pawh a chhuhsak thiang vek a, a khua leh tuite incheina hmanrua pakhat ‘Thi’ pawh a chhuhsak fo thin a ni ngei ang, ‘lal hlau lo thi’ tih pawh tawngkam lar tak a ni thin. A chenna In thawm that a ngaih pawhin a khua leh tuite’n hnatlangin an siam thatsak thin bawk.A khua leh tuite zingah thubuai nei an awm pawhin lal leh a khawnbawl upate’n an ngaihtuah ho thin a, a thiam lo zawk chu ‘Salam’ atanga ‘Se Nufa’ thlengin an chawi tir thin a ni[4]. Lal leh a khawnbawl upate thuremna hi an khua leh tuite’n an hnial thiang lo. Lal chuan tualthattu pawh a hum thei a, mahse chung a mi hum te chu an damchhungin an thlahte nen lal ‘bawi’ an ni tawh thin a, heng mite hi ‘Chemsen bawi’ tiin an ko; tin, khawchhunga buaina siam ching, lal meuh pawhin a zilh harh zawh loh chu ram chhuahnaah emaw khawi lo kalnaah emaw a nung chunga lo haw tawh lo tura dahthat an ni thin, ‘A chi tam hmaa thah tur’ tih hi an khawtlang thuvawn a ni[5].

Lal, khawnbawl upa ho leh val upa te uapna hnuaia Mizo khawtlang inawp dan hi ngaihnawm tak ziak tur a awm. Val upate kaihhruaina hnuaiah khawchhung a tlangval zawng zawng leh pavalai deuh, fa pahnih pathum la nei lo chin te chu ‘Zawlbuk-ah’ an riak vek thin a.Ral leh sa laka an khaw venhim chu an hna ber ni mah se ‘Zawlbuk’ a riak thin te chuan tlawmngaihnate, huaisennate leh nundan mawi tam tak an zir nghal a. Zawlbuk a riak te mamawh tui leh thingtuah tur hi tlai tin mipa naupangte’n an dah khawl sak thin a, tumah an awl ru ngam ngai lo; lo awl ru an awm chuan hrem an tawk thin a ni[6]. Tin, zu rui chunga Zawlbuka luh leh khawlaia bengchheng emaw buaina siam hi thiang lo tluka ngaih a ni bawk; chutiang mi chuan a titu hriat lohin sawisak rawn an tawk fo thin a ni[7].

Zawlbuk a riak thin te hi khawchhungah an lal em em bawk a; Zawlbuk chhungah an lo bengchheng a, chu chu lalin alo hriat pawhin lal ngei pawhin Zawlbuk chung vawm rik dawt emaw a upa tu emaw kaltlanga bengchheng siam lo tura hrilh bak lo chu tawngkain a hau ngam ngai lo bawk. An nula rimin a lo biak that duh loh a, chu chu Zawlbukah an sawi ho hnua tlangval a lungawi ngang loh chuan nulate In-ah chuan ‘lenparual’ an thlak a, ‘khai aw’ tiin In nghing luai luai khawpin tlangval ho chuan an sawi thin a ni[8]. Khawtual nula zinga chepawlawh deuh an hriat an hrem dan chu ‘Zawn/Mihur Zawn[9]’ an ti a, tunlaia ‘pawngsual rawn’ kan tih nen hian a danglam awm lo ve.Uire-na chungchangah pawh a uiretu mipa tan hremna a awm lova, mahse hmeichhe tan thung chuan zahthlak theihtawpin khawchhung hmun lunlai berah a pasalin a nupui ‘thul’ a khaisak thin bawk a ni.

Hmanlai Mizo lalte’n an thuneihna an hman sual theih lak atanga lo thlifimtu hi a awm lo kan ti thei ang.Lalte khan an thuneihna kha an duh chuan rawng takin an hmang thei a, chumi lo do let tur engmah a awm lo tihna a ni ber. A awmchhun ber nia lang chu khawdanga pem san a ni awm e. Hei pawh hi fimkhur taka tih a la ngai cheu a, mi mut reh hun zanlaiah tumahin an hriat loh turin an pem thin; khawdanga an pem tur thu lalin a lo hriat hmasak chuan an pem hma pawhin an thilneih zawng zawng a chhuhsak thei a, chuvangin fimkhur taka hmalak ngai chi a ni. Tin, an pem a nih pawhin an khaw lal laina hnai emaw thian tha lalna khua a pem chu an tan a la him lo thei bawk; chuvangin, an khaw lal hmelma khuaah an pem tlangpui thin bawk.

Khawtlang inawpna thil tum

Mizo chanchin ziaktu te an thuziak a an inlungrualna em em chu hmanlai atanga ‘khawtlang lungrual’ ni tura ‘mimal dikna chanvo’ aia ‘vantlang dikna chanvo’ an ngaih pawimawh zia an tarlang vek hi a ni awm e. Hetihrual hian ‘mimal dikna chanvo’ pawh a theih chin chinah chuan an humhalh tha viauin a lang. Mi tupawhin lungawi lohna a neih chuan lal leh upate rel turin lal hnenah a thlen thei a. Thubuai neitu zing ami kha lal laina hnai an nih chuan an thubuai rem laiin lal a awm ngai lova, an thurem zawhah lal kha an thurem dan an hrilh chauh thin a ni. Tin, thubuai neitute hi dawt sawia tan khawh an awm ngai meuh loh avangin thurem hi an awlsam viau a; vawikhat dawtsawi an finfiah sak tawh tan hun dangah hnehna chan a harsat tawh thin em avangin thubuaiah miin dawt an sawi ngam lo a ni.

Vantlang tana mi hnawksak lo te ‘dikna chanvo’ an humhalh viau laiin ‘vantlang tana mi hnawk sak ni a an hriat’ te chunga thuneihna an lekkawh duh dan erawh a dang hle thung. Tualthattu chu a mi thaha chhungte’n thah ve ngei an tum a, chuta tanga atana inhumhimna awm chhun chu lal ‘sutpui’ vawn a, amah leh a thlahte thlenga lal bawi a tan a ni a, a tan zalen lehna kawng a kaw lo hle. Khawchhunga hmeichhe awm khaw lo deuh an buaipui dan atang hi chuan kha hmeichhe tan khan ‘khaw eng’ hmuh ngam a ni tawh hauh lo bawk ang. Khawtlang tana mi hnawksak leh chimawm te laka ‘tlangsawi’ an kalpui dan pawh hi a tuartu tan thubuaia lak theih a ni lo, lalin a titute a tan ru tih an hriat vang a ni. Nunau tithlabar zawnga che thin te chu ‘A chi thlah tam hmaa thah tur’ tih hi an thu kalpui dan a ni a. K.Zawla chuan hmanlai Mizo khawtlang nunah khan  “….misual tih sim zawh loh an nei ngai lo” ti hialin a ziak a ni.

Hmanlai Mizo chanchin a lal te’n an khua leh tui te an awpna kawnga pawimawh ber ni a lang chu ‘vantlang tana ralmuanna leh inlungrualna siam’ a ni tih a lang. Heihi a pawimawhna pahnih lo tarlang ila: Pakhatna, khua leh khua, chi leh chi indo hunlai a nih avang leh ramsa kawlh laka indo puang thei reng an nih avangin khawtlang inlungrualna hi an mamawh hle ang tih a hriat. An inlungrualna tichhe theitu, khawtual mi kawhmawhbawl ching te leh nunau thin tithawng zawnga che thin te khawchhungah zalen taka an chet ngam lohna turin chung mite lakah chuan ‘thununna’ an lekkawh thin a ni. Pahnihna, khawtlang an inlungrualna turin lal pawhin khawchhunga misual ni a hriatte lakah beng a hup san ngam a pawimawh hle tih a hriat. Khawtlangin misual ni a an hriatte thlavang hauh zawnga lal a chet chuan khawtlang inlungrualna a chhe thei bawk. Tlangval rual te chu sa leh ral laka an khaw venghimtu ber an nih avangin a huho a an thiltih dodal zawnga awm chu lal pawhin an duh lo tih a lang.

Sap ho lo lan hnua danglamnate

Kum 1890 hnua Sap hoin Mizoram an awp atangin Mizo lalte thuneihna pawh zawi zawiin an ti danglam a; thih leh dam thua lal thuneihna chu tih tawp a ni a, bawi neih an khap a, ‘mihur zawn’ an khap bawk a, midangte bungrua chhuhsak pawh an khap zingah a tel. Heti chung hian lal te chu an khua leh tuite an enkawlna danah leh vantlang nun ralmuang leh lungrual an siam theihna turah chuan hmanlai atanga an lo chin than tawh tam tak an chhawm tir zel thung a ni. Mahse, inawpna tharah chuan lal te chu thuneitu ber an ni tawh lova, an chungah an aia lal, Sap sawrkar hotute leh an hnuaia thawktute an lo awm a; chung hoin an rawn ken tel chu sakhaw thar leh zirna In te a lo ni a, chuvangin rei lo te chhungin Mizo khawtlang nun ti ralmuangtu leh tanrualna siamtu ‘Zawlbuk’ pawh a lo tawp ta hial a ni[10].

An chungah an aia thuneitu zawk an awm tak avangin Mizo lal te thuneihna pawh a kiam hret hret a, Zawlbuk a lo tawp bawk nen, Mizo khawtlang nunah chuan tun hmaa an la hriat ngai loh ‘hmun ruak’ a lo awm ta a, chu chu khawtlang nuna ‘inthununna’ kengkawhtu a awm tak loh vang a ni. Chumi ‘hmun ruak’ hnawh khat turin Sap Missionary te ruahmanna hnuaiah kum 1935 June 15-ah ‘Young Lushai Association’ (YLA), a hnua ‘Young Mizo Association’ (YMA) tia vuah chu an din ta a. Mizo lal ho lalna pawh kum 1954 atangin tihtawp a lo ni ta bawk a, an aiawh turin mipui thlan Village Council din a a ni a. Tichuan, hmanlai Mizo khawtlang nuna khawtlang ralmuanna leh inlungrualna siamtu hmanrua heng, lal, khawnbawl upa, valupa leh zawlbuk te chu YMA, Village Council (VC)/Local Council (LC) te’n an thlak ta a; heng mite phenah hian YMA dinna a bultumtu te aiawhin Kohhran hruaitu te an awm bawk.

Hmanlai leh Tunlai Chu

Kum zabi 21-na a Mizo khawtlang nun hi hmanlai aiin danglamna tam tak a awm a. Chung danglamna te chu eizawnna bulpui inthlak leh zirna In hrang hrang din a nih vang kan ti thei ang. Hmanlai angin indo a awm tawh lova, sa leh ral laka inhumhim a tul tawh lo bawk a. Misual te man a, an phu ang tawk a an chunga rorelna kengkawh turin Police, Dan, thubuai remtu (Magistrate/Judge) leh Jail a awm tawh a. Hmanlaia Mizo khawtlang nun inawp dan tam tak kha kan mamawh tawh lo a ni. Heti chung hian tun hma atanga Mizo khawtlang inawp dan, ziak loh dan hmanga inawpna chu chhawm nung zelin kum 2005 khan ‘Mizo Hnam Dan’ (Mizo Customary Law) chu ziaka dah that turin Mizoram Dan Siamna Inpui (Legislative Assembly) chuan a lo pawm ta bawk a ni[11]

Hetihrual hian hmanlai atanga Mizo khawtlang hruaitute lung ti leng a, an awmna khua/veng theuh a an kenkawh reng tura an duh ber a awm a, chu chu ‘khawtlang inlungrualna hi a n’i kan ti thei awm e. Kum zabi 21-na hunah pawh hian Mizo te chu khua/veng tel telin kan la khawsa chhunzawm zel a, heng khua/veng te hi ramri kham fel tak nei a din niin, chumi huam chhungah chuan YMA, VC/LC, Kohhran leh tlawmngai pawl hrang hrang te an awm zel bawk. Heng pawl hrang hrang te leh tualchhung sawrkar kan tih te hi an chungah Mizoram pum huapa khaikhawmtu awm mah se an ‘rinawmna’ (loyalty) chu an awmna veng/khua tan an hlan hmasa ber tho thin a ni. An puala Sawrkarin Dan a siamah khawtlang an enkawl dan tur chipchiar taka tarlan ni lo mahse hmanlai atanga Mizo khawtlang inawp dan kalphung kha tunlai hunah pawh VC/LC te hian an la kalsan lo hle[12].

Helaia kan tarlan hmaih loh tur chu kum zabi 21-na a Mizo khawtlang nun inawp danah hian hmanlaia ‘thununna’ an lekkawh dan, heng Tlangchil, Tlangsawi, Mihur Zawn leh lal thupeka vantlang tana mi hnawksak ‘dah that’ te kha danin phal tawh lo mah se ‘Mizo Hnam Dan’ angin khawtlang roreltute chu ‘Misual bik chungchanga’ an tih tur mawhphurhna pek chhunzawm zel an la ni a[13]; tin, he ‘Dan’ vek hian Chang 133-ah ‘Vantlang tana hnawksak’ a tihte pawh chiang takin a tarlang a, chungte chu (1) Khawlaia ruih mualpho, (2) Mi tibuai zawnga bengchheng siam, (3) Vantlang leh mimal tana rimchhe siam, (4) Zahpah leh pawisak nei lova khawlaia khawsak, (5) Khawlaia midang pawng vau, leh (6) Vantlang emaw, mimal emaw tana hnawksak leh huatthlala a awm te a ni. Tichuan, khawtlang enkawlna turin VC/LC te thuneihna bakah ‘Mizo Hnam Dan’ a awm a, chumi piah lamah chuan khua/veng a sualna hrang hrang do turin Sawrkar hriatpuiin ‘Village Defence Party[14]’ (VDP) din theih ala ni bawk, khua/veng engemaw zatah erawh VDP din loin VC/LC kaihhruaina hnuaiah vengchhung tlawmngai pawl hrang hrangte telna ‘Joint Action Committee’ (JAC) an din tlangpui bawk.

Tlangkawmna

Heng kan sawi takte atanga lang chiang tak mai chu  khawtlang muanawm leh mipui tanrualna nei tura hmanlai atanga bul tan kha kum 100 chuang a liam hnuah pawh la chhunzawm zel a ni a; chumi tihlawhtling tura tha thawhtu leh a kalphung erawh a inthlak nasa hle thung. Mizo pi leh pute’n ‘ziak loh dan’ an neih chu tunlai ‘Dan’ in a pawm theih chin a siam rem zelin, leh Sawrkar ‘Dan’ tan chhan a hmangin tunlai hunah pawh khawtlang hruaitu te’n ‘khawtlang muanawm’ siam turin an la bei fat fat zel a ni. Chumi atana an beihna kawnga an rilru leh ngaihtuahna ti khawng turin Bible a innghat Kristian ‘thurin’ chuan nasa takin a tanpui bawk. Khawtlang mipui tana hnawksak a che thinte leh misualte awmdan chu Bible zirtirna nen a lo inkalh ve zel bawk a. Heivang hian khawtlang muanawm siam tura thawktu te leh an awmna veng/khua a Kohhran chu inlungrual takin ke an pen theih phah a ni.

Khawtlang muanawm siam hi an thil tum ber a nih avangin an khua/veng muanna leh himna ti chhe thei tur ni a an hriat chu khawtlang hruaitute hian an ‘dodal’ hreh lo[15]; LC/VC te hi tualchhung Sawrkar ni tura State Sawrkarin dan hmanga a din thlap an ni chungin an khua/veng muanna leh himna  tichhe tur zawngin State Sawrkar thu an zawm diak diak lem lo a ni. Khua/ veng chhungah zu dawr awm lo se, zu rui te tlangnel lo se, awlsam taka ruih tur miin a hmuh chuan a pawisa neihin a tlin loh hunah thil a ru thei; khawtlang hi naupang leh hmeichhia te tan pawh a ralmuan ve theih nan a siam hi hmanlai atanga tunlai thlenga khawtlang roreltute thil tum a ni tih a lang chiang hle.

Mizo khawtlang nunah hian ‘mimal dikna chanvo’ aiin ‘vantlang dikna chanvo’ hian hmanlai atangin tunlai thlengin hmun a chang thuk zawk a; amaherawhchu, ‘mimal dikna leh zalenna’ te hi palzut nasat a ni kher lo thung. Hmanlai a lungawi lohna neite thubuai kha lal leh a Khawnbawl Upate’n thiam leh rang takin an chingfel thin a. Tunlai hunah chuan ‘ziak dan’ (Written Law) hmanga thubuai remna kalphung kan nei a. Heng hmanlai leh tunlai huna thubuai remna kalphung te hian chakna leh chak tawk lohna an nei ve ve ngei ang;mahse, a pawimawh zawk chu khawtlang ralmuanna atana hmanrua tichaktu an ni ve ve hi a ni. Tualthattu leh sualna lian tham khawitu te tan hmanlai atanga tunlai hun thlengin Mizo khawtlangah an tan ‘hmun’ a awm lo zel. Sualna tenau deuh khawihtu, khawtlang mipui tangrual te zilh sim theih leh tunlai huna dan hmanga hrem sim theih te tan erawh khawtlangah ‘hmun’ a la awm zel thung. Chu chu khawtlang nuam siam tura hmanlai kalphung  leh tunlai kalphung inzawmna lai tak chu a ni a. James C.Scott pawhin hetianga tlangmi te’n hmanlai atanga an tihdan chhawm nung zela tunlai thlenga inlungrual taka an la chen ho theihna hi ‘changkan lohna a ni lo[16]’ (Not uncililized) a ti hial a ni.

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[1] Choudhury, NishipadaDeve (2013) The Early Inhabitants of North-East India:With Special reference to Mizoram, in J.V.Hluna (Ed.) History and Ethnic Identity Formation in North-East IndiaNew Delhi:Concept Publishing Company Pvt.Ltd. P. 9

[2] Prasad, R.N. (2013) Traditional Political Institution of Chieftainship in Mizoram:Powers, Functions, Position and Privileges, in J.V.Hluna (Ed.) History and Ethnic Identity Formation in North-East IndiaNew Delhi:Concept Publishing Company Pvt.Ltd.  Pp. 197-198

[3] Mizo chanchin a lal nunrawng bera sawi chu Palian lal Sibuta kha a ni awm e. Lal dangte chuan an khua leh tuite chungah zahngaihna nena rorelna an lekkawh thin laiin Sibuta hi chuan a unaunu, Darlalpuii chu rawng takin a khuangchawina-ah Sechhun angina a chhun hlum a ni. (Chipchiar zawkin: Zawla, K. Mizo Pipute leh An Thlahte Chanchin. Aizawl: Lengchhawn Press 5^th Edition (2011) Pp. 195-205)

[4] Lianthanga, C. Hmanlai Mizo Nun Aizawl : Mizoram Publication Board, 1999 p. 85-86

[5]Zawla, K. Mizo Pipute leh An Thlahte Chanchin. Aizawl: Lengchhawn Press 5^th Edition (2011) Pp.151-164

[6] Lianthanga, C. Ibid p. 101

[7] Zawla, K. Ibid p.161

[8] Lianthanga, C Ibid p.35 Ziaktu dang B.Lalthangliana chuan, “An hrem tur nula in an va thlen chuan, an kaiten zawng zawng an phehdarhsak vek emaw, an in bang chhak leh thlang tlawh thlaksak vek hial emawin an va hrem a” tiin a ziak. (Chipchiar zawkin   Lalthangliana, B. Mizo Chanchin: India, Burma & Bangladesh. Aizawl: The RTM Press, 2001 p.290)

[9] “ Khawkhat nula zinga chepawlawh deuh leh hur chung chuang deuhva mi sawi chu tlangval ho intiamrual khan daipawnah an zawn chhuak a, an rawn hrep mai thin a.Chu chuan nula awm khawlo turte pawh a tihtim phah hle a ni”  Thulakna : Lianthanga, C. Ibid p.36

[10] Chipchiar a chhiar duh tan     Lalthangliana, B. Mizo Chanchin: India, Burma & Bangladesh. Aizawl: The RTM Press, 2001 Pp. 595-596.

[11]Mizoram Gazette Extra Ordinary No.Vol.XXXIV Aizawl Wednesday 6.4.2005 Chaitra, S.E.1927. Issue No.66 ah Mizo Hnam Dan hian Bung 1 atanga Bung 12 thleng a awh a; hemi chhungah hian Mizo Khawtlang Inawp Dan, Nupui Pasal Inneih/Inthen, Thihna Chungchang, Ran Vulh Chungchang, Ro Inluah Chhawn Dan etc te chipchiar taka ziak a ni.

[12]  The Lushai Hills District (Village Council) Amendment Act,2014 phalsak angin VC te hian kum khatah vawi thum (3) tal ‘Vantlang Inkhawm’ (Gram Sabha)an ko thei a, ‘vantlang Inkhawm’ an kohna tur chhan erawh Dan a inziak ang chuan ‘khawchhung hmasawnna tura mipuite nena ruahmanna siam ho’ lam a hawi zawk mah. (Section 11A). The Mizoram Municipalities (Ward Committee and Local Council) Rules, 2010 ah chuan sub-section (3) of section 23 of The Mizoram Municipalities Act.2007 in a phalsak angin Municipality dinna a Local Council te chu Mizo hnam dan anga an huamchhung theuh enkawl a phalsak thung. (Rule 20-General Function)

[13]  Mizo Hnam Dan Chang 33: Misual bik chungchanga khawtlang roreltute mawhphurhna- Khaw huamchhungah ruk-ruk vangte, zu ruih vangte leh thil tha lo dang tih vangtea khawtlang hriat thama misual leh hnawksak bikte chu Roreltuten an chungthu an relsak thei.

[14] Village Defence Party (VDP) hi The Mizoram Police Act,2011 Sec. 49 tlawhchhanin bialtu Superintendent of Police in khawchhunga mi zahawm chin thlang chhuakin mi 15 aia tam lo awmna a din thei. JAC hi chu dan tlawhchhan a din a ni lova, veng/khaw huamchhunga tlawmngai pawl hrang hrangin LC  emaw VC kaihhruaina hnuaia khawtlang muanawm an neih theihna tura an thawh hona ‘pawl’ a ni thung.

SP (Police) leh VDP te thawh hona hrechiang duh tan http://www.vanglaini.org/tualchhung/23975 leh http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/lunglei-sp-leh-vdp-inkawm  Retrieved on 22^nd July,2015.

[15] Mizoram Sawrkarin zu khap burna dan, MLTP Act, 1997 thlaktu MLPC Act,2014 hmanga Sawrkar Corporation leh mimal hnena zu dawr hawn phalna a pek chu Aizawl khawpui veng hrang hrangin an venga zu dawr hawn an phal lo thu thuchhuah siamin an sawi. MAMCO in Chanmari a hawn an tum chu khawtlangin an phal lova; ZIDCO in Vaivakawn a hawn an tum pawh LC huaihawt a vantlang inkhawmin rem a ti lo bawk; MIFCO in Chaltlang North (Lily Veng) a zu dawr hawn an tum pawh JAC huaihawt a dodalna hlawhtling tak a lan tir a ni bawk; mimalin Salem veng mawnga zu dawr an hawn pawh kohhran leh khawtlang tangrualin an chhuah tir.

[16] James C.Scott hian a lehkhabuah hian tlang rama cheng hnam hrang hrang, India leh Burma inrina bawr a chengte atanga Thailai hmarlam, Laos, Vietnam leh China chhim-thlang tawpa chengte nun dan a chhui a. Heng hnam te’n hmanlai atanga a hohu nun an kalpui dan leh an aia hnam chak zawk te an pumpelh duh avanga tlangram an bawh zel dan chhuiin, hnam chak zawkte an pumpelh theih zel avanga tunlai thlenga an hnam chindan phung an la chhawm nun theih dan a tarlang. Chung tlangmi te chu ‘Zomia’ tiin a vuah a ni.

Chipchiar a chhiar duh tan Scott, James C. The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. 2009.