Feminist theology hi enge?

Rev. H. Laldintluanga

Thuhmahruai: Tunlaia Pathian thu zirna hmuna hmaih hauh loa zir tel ngei ngai chu hmeichhiate zalênna thu zirna Feminist Theology hi a ni a. Feminist theology hi chhan chhuahna theology kan tih mai, Liberation theology huang chhunga mi a ni a. Contextual theology kan tih zinga mi tho a ni. He tah hian a lo chhuah dân, a thuchah leh Bible an hrilhfiahna tura an tehfung lek (biblical hermeneutics & Methodology) hi tawi tea sawi kan tum a ni.

Feminist theology awmzia leh a lo pian chhuah dan:  Feminist theology chu hmeichhiate kawng hrang hranga awp beh an nihna atanga chhan chhuah tul tia, chu mi atana hma lakna theology hi a ni a. A hmei a pain heng mihring dikna chanvo neihna tur leh humhim tura ke pên apiangte chu feminist an ni a, chumi zirna chu Feminism an ti. Hmeichhia chauh lo pawh mipa pawh a feminist theih tho a ni.

Feminism tih tawngkam hi kum AD zabi 19-naah chauh khan hman tan a ni a. A hmang hmasatu pawh Hubertine Aclert a ni a, ani chuan hmeichhiaten ram inrêlbâwlnaa chanvo an sual chhuahna chungchang sawinaah feminism tih tawngkam hi a hmang a. Hun a lo kal zel a, a awmzia pawh hun tawng mil zelin kawng hrang hranga hrilhfiah thar a ni bawk a. Elizabeth Schussler Fiorenza chuan, “Feminism chuan hmei-chhiate hi ngaih dân bulpui berah ‘mipui’ an ni tia pawm tur a ni. Hmeichhiate chu nula, nupui, chhiahhlawh leh pawngsual tûr mai ni loin ram chhûnga khua leh tui nihna nei, dikna, zahawmna, thiltihtheihna leh chanvo nei an ni,” tih thu a rawn au chhuahpui a. Kawng hrang hranga hmeichhiate awp behna chu nuai boin khawtlang rilrua hmeichhiate hniam zawka dah tlatna chu feminism hian thiat veka tihdanglam a tum a. Hmeichhia leh mipaten dikna chanvoo, nihna leh zahawmna inang an nei ve ve a ni tih a pawm tlat a ni.1 

Kum 1667 lai tawhah khan Quaker pawl hotunu, Margaret Fell-i chuan, “Women’s Speaking Justified, Approved and Allowed by the Scripture,” tih thu a ziahah chuan hmeichhia leh mipa te hian Krista-ah chanvo inang reng an neih avangin zirtir te, thuhril te, kohhran rorelnah te pawh chanvo an nei tur a ni tih a sawi a. Kum zabi 19-na lai vela America rama Quakerism-te chu Feminist theology tihmasâwntu nasa tak an ni ta a. Sal chhuah zalênna tura bei pawl (Anti-slave movement)-ah nasa takin an inhmang bawk a. Kum 1837-ah khan Sarah Grimke, Quaker hotunu leh sal tibo tura hma latute zinga mi chuan hmeichhiate dikna chanvo chu Gen 1:27 thu beh chhanin a au chhuahpui leh ta a. Kum 1895-1898-ah phei chuan hmeichhe mit atanga Bible an zir leh hrilhfiah atangin ‘Women’s Bible’ an chhuah ta nghe nghe a ni. Khawvel pumpuiah kum zabi 20-naah chuan feminist theology hi a lo darh ta a ni.

Kum 1880-ah khan Elisabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902) kaihhruaina hnuaiah Bible-a hmeichhiate chungchang sawina laite ngun taka zirin Bible commentary te pawh an lo siam daih tawh a. Kum 1975-ah khan Washington DC-ah Evangelical Feminist Conference neih a ni a, mi 360 lai USA atangin an kal khâwm a ni. Hetah hian Equal Rights Amendment chungchang te sawi hoin ‘The Evangelical Women’s Caucus (EWC)’ te pawh an din bawk a, heng hi hmalakna hmasa tiin a sawi theih ang. Kum AD zabi 20-na tir lamah khan Valerie Doldstein thuziak, The Human Situation, A Feminist View tih chuan hmeichhe dinhmun chungchangah ngaihtuahna thar a neihtir hle a. Kum sawmhnih hnuah Judith Plaskow ziah, Sex, Sin and Grace tih chu chhuah a ni leh bawk a. Heng lehkhabute hian Bible chu mipa thu leh mipa rilru leh thlîrna atanga ziah a nih thu an sawi nasa hle. Sual leh chhandamna thu pawh thlir nawn a ngaih thu an ziak hial a ni. Kum 1970 bawr velah khan Mary Dally thuziak, The Church and the Second Sex, leh Beyond God The Father tih chu chhuah a ni a, a lâr hle. Heng bakah hian Feminist theology lam ziahna lehkhabu eng emaw zat a rawn chhuak sup sup a ni. 2 Tunah chuan Feminist Theology hi Pathian thu zirna hmunah chuan theology lâr berte zinga mi a ni ta a ni. 

Feminist theology thuchah laipui: 

Liberation theology a nih angin Feminist theology pawh hian liberation theology innghahna hi a innghahna thuchah laipui tho a ni a. Heti hian tawi te tein sawi ila:- 

(i) Kalphung hmanga innêkchêpna (Institutional Violence): 

Gutierrez-a, Liberation theologian ropui tak chuan, retheihna hi mipui, chhûngkua leh mi mal tihchhiatna hmun a nih avángin tharum thawh zirtírna hmun (Institu-tionalized violence) tiin a sawi hial thin a.3 Hetiang deuh chiah hian Feminist theologian-te ngaih dân chuan mipate lalna society leh hmeichhiate an hnuaichhiahna (patriarchal system) pawh hi kalphung hmanga innêkchêpna (Institutional Violence) a tih loh theih loh a ni. Dr. Lalnghakthuami chuan, “Feminism hi movement lian tak, hmeichhiate chunga dik taka tih a nih theih nana beihna a ni a. Hmeichhia an nih avanga thliar hranna awm te, ngaihnêpna awm tlat te, hmuhsitna te leh awp behna an nihna laka chhan chhuah an nih theih nana hmalâkna hi a ni a. Hmeichhia an nih avanga kut thlâk an tuarna te, pawngsual te, chhaih nawmnah an nih thinna laka chhuah zalên an nih theih nana hmalakna a ni,” a ti.4

(ii) Kalphung dik lo leh sual (Structural sin): 

Liberation theologian-ten an uar ber chu mihringte hian an mamawh ber chu mi mal chhandamna aiin kalphung siam that, system tihpianthar hi a ni a. Kalphung dik lo laka chhandamna chuan mi mal nun leh mihring nun pêng tin tawk chi eng pawh hi a siam tha a ni an ti a. Hetiang deuh bawk hian Feminist theologian-te chuan kalphung dik lo hi sual a ni an ti a ni ber. Kalphung dik lo leh, mipa lam thlirna chauha thil thlir te, mipa ngaihtuahna atang chauha kalphung ruahmanna awm thin hi hleih neih rorêl (bias) tak a nih avangin hetiang kalphung dik lo hmanga innêk chêpna hi sual a ni an ti a ni ber.

Pathian thu atanga hmeichhiate dikna chanvo sawina leh zirna hi feminist theology-in a tum ber leh a nihna a nih avangin Pathian hian mipa chauh hi a anpuiin a siam lo a, hmeichhia pawh hi a anpuia a siam a ni. “Pathianin a anpuiin mihring a siam a, mipaah leh hmeichhiaah (Gen 1:26),” tih hi innghah nana hmangin an ngaihtuah a. Inawp behna hi sual nia hrilhfiahin nun tichhe thei niin an ngai. Pathian thu atangin mihring nun hona, a bikin hêng, chhungkua te, khawtlang te leh kohhran te hi zirin hmeichhiate dinhmun thlûr bing a ni a. Hmeichhiate ‘hruaitu’ nia pawm theih lohna te, thu tlûkna siam thei loa dah an nihna te hi a Pathian thu lo hleah an ngai a. Mihring pum pui chanve ten khawtlang leh kohhrana an nihna chanvo dik tak an hmuh theihna tura Pathian thu atanga beihna a nih avangin kalphung dik tawk loin mi tam tak a tuartir hi sual lian tak a ni an ti.

(iii) Chêt dàn dik (Orthopraxis): 

A mâwl thei ang bera Orthopraxis awmzia sawi fiah dàn chu chêt dàn dik/thil tih dik (correct action) tihna a ni. Liberation theology-in thil tih (praxis) a sawi chu zalênna ngaihlu chunga lungrual taka inpumkhatna leh Chanchin |hain a chhêm alhna tùra thil tih hi a ni a. Chu a thil tih chu ‘remna siamtu’ nih kha a ni a, chutiang mite chuan remna hmun (shalom) an siam thîn. He zalênna thil tih hian a tum ber chu Pathian rorêlna êng atanga thil thleng (history) siam that hi a ni.5 Liberation theology chuan history-a Pathian rorêlna hriat chiana khawvêl siam tha tùra phungbawmtua tan hi a tum ber a ni. Retheihna, lungngaihna, inawpbehna zu hriat chian dâwn chuan mihring nunin a thil tawn a hriat thar chu chîk taka zir chianna (analysis) leh sual lailanna (exposure) hmangin a thlâk danglam thei a. Chu chuan a bulthûm atanga chhuiin an nuna nghawng tha lo a neih zawng 

Mary Daly, feminist theologian hmingthang tak chuan, “Liberation dik tak chu hmeichhia leh mipa inthliarna tel loa thawh ho chang hi a ni lo, zalên leh huai taka rilrua awm sawi, duhthlanna hman, vantlang hmaa zalên taka inpho chhuah, ngaih dàn sawi chhuah, ruahman leh thil tih te hi a ni a. Chu chu thil siam nihna (being) chu a ni” tiin a sawi a.6 Zalênna tawngkam bulpui ber chu keimahni kan zalênna hi a ni tiin a sawi bawk.7 James Cone chuan theology awmzia chu zirna pêng khat a nih angin, Bible zirtírna inhlan chhâwn hmanga Kristian nihphung (nature), rahbeh tuarte chawi kânna tùra chik taka zira zawn chhuah hi a ni, a ti a.8 Feminist theology mit atang chuan, Bible-in a hmaih hmu chhuak tùra chiar nawn (re-reading the Bible) leh theology inhlan chhâwn duan that (re-construct traditional theology) hi liberation theology-te zînga pakhat a ni a. An tân chuan re-reading hi Kristian kohhran history zawng zawng leh Kristian lehkhabu hman tlâka ngaih leh an tehfung hman zawng zawngah pawh hmeichhiate khuh bona hai lanna leh hmeichhiate tel vena hmuh chhuahna atâna thil tihmakmawh a ni.9 Hei vang hian orthopraxis hmang hian lungrual tak inpumkhatna tak tak awmin an ngai a ni ber. 

Feminist theology hian Bible hi ngun takin hmeichhe thlirna atangin a zir a. Hmeichhe awp beh nan leh eng mah tithei loa siam nan Bible hmanrua a hmang hi a dik tawk lo tiin Bible ngei hi hmeichhiate zalênna sual chhuah nana hmanraw pawimawh tak a nihzia an târ lang a. Bible hrilhfiah dân dik tawk lo te, hnuaihnung zawk nia ngaih tlatna te hnâwlin Bible hrilhfiah dân dik pawimawhzia zir a ni bawk. A tum ber chu mipate thuneihna leh rilru sûkthlêk mila khawsakna khawvelah hian hmeichhia leh mipate hian kawng engkimah dinhmun inang leh rual khai taka ke pên rual hi a ni. Kan khawtlang, chhuangkua leh kohhran te hi hmeichhia leh mipa tan buatsaih tur te, mawhphurhna inrual khai taka lâk dun theih tura ruuahman te, thu tlûkna siam ho te, hmalakna kawng hrang hrangah inhnualsuat loa thawh ho te hi a tum lian tak a ni bawk a ni. A chhan chu Pathian ngaihah hmeichhia leh mipate hlut dân hi a inang reng a, a tua mah hi hnualsuat lo. A thuhretu ni turin a ko a, a thu puang chhuak turin a vek a ni.10

Bible an hrilhfiahna (hermeneutics) leh theology an sawi fiah nana tehfung an hman (theological methodology)-te: 

Hmeichhe Pathian thu thiam (Feminist)-ho thlirna atang phei chuan Bible hrilhfiahna inhlan chhâwn tam tak hi chu hmeichhe hnuaichhiahna a ni a. Tûn hma atanga inhlan chhâwn thîn Bible hrilhfiahna hian an tân chuan zalênna a pe lêm lo niin an hria. Chuvángin Kristian theology hi hmeichhiaten an rilrua zawhna an neih reng hmangin an siam tha ve reng a. Chanchin ziaknaa hmeichhiate hmaih an nihna thur chhuah chang ni loin, history-a hmeichhe hming lang lote pawh chhar chhuah leh an tum a. Pathian thu sawi fiahna dàn thar tihhmasâwn te, hrilhfiahna thar hmuh chhuah te, kohhran thar din te, Krista chungchâng sawi dàn thar leh Pathian leh mihring chungchâng thurin siam thatte hi an tum ber a ni.11 

Feminist theology mit atang chuan, Bible-in a hmaih hmu chhuak tùra chiar nawn (re-reading the Bible) leh theology inhlan chhâwn duan that (re-construct traditional theology) hi liberation theology-te zînga pakhat a ni a. An tân chuan re-reading hi Kristian kohhran history zawng zawng leh Kristian lehkhabu hman tlâka ngaih leh an tehfung hman zawng zawngah pawh hmeichhiate khuh bona hai lanna leh hmeichhiate tel vena hmuh chhuahna atâna thil tihmakmawh a ni.12 

An Bible hrilhfiahna pawh hi Hermeneutics of Suspicion tih a ni a, hemi awmzia ber chu Bible thuziakte hi a nih anga pawm liam mai loin, rinhlelhna (suspicion) mitin chhiar tùr tihna a ni. Bible thuziak phênah hian mipa dah laipuina rilru (androcentrism) inphûm ruin an hria a, chu chu hriat chian a, kawng danga hrilhfiah hi an tum a ni. Bible hi mipain mipa dinhmun luah chunga an ziak a ni a, kum sang hnih chuang chu hêng thuziakte hi kohhran hruaitu leh mipa theologian-ten mipa rilru atang vekin an hrilhfiah thîn a. Hei vâng hian Bible thua tawngkam hman thînte leh mihring hmingte nên lam pawh hian mipa dinhmun mila tihdanglam leh kalpui a ni em tih hi zir chian a ngai a ni, an ti a ni. 

Tichuan feminist theologian-te chuan tûn hma atanga theology inhlan chhâwn (traditional theology)-naah mipate chauh târ lan bîk an nihna leh mipaten hneh taka an awpbehna (patriarchal oppression) laka tal chhuak tùra beihnaah an inrawlhin, chu chu chhan chhuahna theology niin an ngai a. He traditional theology siam tha tùra an beihnaah hian feminist theologian-te thu chai hmasak ber chu Kristian theology-ah mipate chauhin vohbîk an hlawh thîn sawisêl hi a ni. He inthliarna hian hmeichhe nemngheh (women ordination) thlengin a nghawng a, chu chuan hmeichhiate tân thutlûkna siamna kawngah leh hruaitu chan han chan vena tùr leh mawhphurhna lâkna tùr kawngah nasa takin harsatna a siam a ni an ti.13

Feminist Theologian-te chuan Pathian thu duan chhuah (theological formulation)-ah chuan hmeichhiate dinhmun leh tawnhriat (women experience) te hi a ni tur a ni tihah hian an inlungrual hle a. Feminist Theology hi philosophy lam atanga hrilhfiah tur a ni lo a, Bible atang intan pawh a ni satliah lo a, hmeichhiate nuna harsatna leh tuarna atanga theology hi kalpui a ni. 

Tichuan Faminist theologian-te chuan Bible thute chîk taka zirin traditional theology an sawisêlna chhante an târ lang a. Kohhran tradtion-ah a ni emaw, Bible thuziakah a ni emaw mipa rilru tak atanga thiltih hi nasa takin an sawisel a, hei vang hian hun liam tawha kan lo inzirtir thin chu bih chianga en nawn (historical revision) hi tul an ti a ni.

Hei bâkah hian Feminist theologian-te chuan kohhranin Pathian thu a lo kalpui tawh dan zawng zawngte pawh a nih tur ang ni zo loin an hria a, a bikin hmeichhe hnuaichhiahna a nasain hmeichhiaten an chanvo dik tak an chan ve theih lohna a tam avangin Pathian thu thlirna kawng thar sial (theological reconstruction) hi ngai hlein an hria a ni. 

Tichuan hetianga theology an duanna kawngah hian Pathian hi tu nge a nih tih hian an theology a kaihruai nasa hle a. Traditional theology-in Pathian hming atana mipa anga a lo târ lang thin hi dikin an hre lo a. Tichuan Trinity thurina Pa leh Fapa le3h Thlarau Thianghlim tih pawh hi mipa ngaihtuahna khawvel atanga Pathian inpuanna sawi chhuahna mai niin an hria a. Tunlai Faminist theologian-te chuan Pathian hi Pa anga address tawh loin nu leh pa (Parents) angin emaw, kan nu leh pa (Our Father and Mother) tiin an ko tawh a ni. 

Tlangkawmna: 

Feminist theology awmze tlangpui leh an theology kalpui dan te, kan sawi thuak thuak a. Mizote tana a pawimawhna leh Mizo culture hlui atanga zir chianna leh lo chhan lêtna (reflection) han pêk pawh a chakawm viau a; mahse chu erawh hmunin a daih loah ngai mai ila. Feminist theology hi tunlai hunah chuan theology pawimawh tak a ni a. Kan sawi tawh angin Liberation theology huang chhunga mi a ni. Chu bakah contextual theology a nih avangin a tlakna leilung mil (context) ngaihtuah chunga fimkhur taka kalpui ngai a ni. Contextual theology reng reng hi fimkhur taka kalpui ngai vek a ni a. Ram danga an kalpui ang diak diak kha kan ramin a mamawh ve kher lo tih erawh hriat a tha. Ram changkang tawh (developed country) te, a bikin mi mal dikna chanvo kalpui chakna (individual rights and human dignity) rama an tih ang diak diak kha kan ramin a mamawh ber a ni chuang lo thei bawk. Mizoramah pawh hmeichhiaten kohhranah a ni emaw ram hruai hnaah a ni emaw, mipate chanvo ang tho an chan ve theihna tura beih hi Pathian thu dik ding reng chu a ni. Hetih lai hian Feminist theology hi movement a ni a, chak taka kalpui vut vut erawh a fuh vek lo ang. Women Ordination pawh hi ram dangah chuan kum 400 Kristian an nih hnuah chauh an nei thei hram tih hriat a pawimawh a. Hei vang hian hun lo kal zel turah chuan hmeichhe nemngheh te pawh hi kohhranin a tih a la tul hun a la awm mai thei e. Chumi hun a lo thlen hmaa lo virpilh hi thil awm thei a ni a, inpum khatna aia inthen darhna hmanruaa a tan hlauh zawngin kohhran leh ramin nasa takin a tuar thei a ni. Eng pawh ni se, Feminist theology thil tum leh a thu uar lai hi erawh kan ngaih pawimawh a tul hle. Paula pawhin, “… mipa leh hmeichhia pawh a awm theih loh; Krista Isuaah chuan in zain pumkhat in ni si a,” a tih kha.

(Endtnotes)

1 Lalnghakthuami, “Faminism,” Dictionary of Theological Terms, Revised & Enlarged (Aizawl: Aizawl Theological College, 2007), 134-135.

2 B. Zirsangliana, Theology Kalphung Hrang Hrangte, Second Edition (Aizawl: Lalremsiami, [2011], 2014), 168. 

3 Gutierrez, A Theology of Liberation, xxi.

4 Lalnghakthuami, “Faminism,” Dictionary of Theological Terms, Revised & Enlarged (Aizawl: Aizawl Theological College, 2007), 134.

5 Gutierrez, A Theology of Liberation, xxx.

6 Mary Daly, Beyond God the Father: Toward a Philosophy of Women (Boston: Beacon Press, 1973), 179. (Daly, 

7 Daly, Beyond God the Father, 8.

8 Cone, A Black Theology of Liberation, 2.

9 Natalie K. Watson,Feminist Theology (Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2003), 5.

10 Lalnghakthuamin, “Feminist Theology,” Dictionary of Theological Terms, Revised & Enlarged (Aizawl: Aizawl Theological College, 2007), 135-137.

11 K. Thanzauva, “Theological Education for Social Transformation: A Feminist Perspective,” in Transforming Theology for Empowering Women: A theological Hermeneutical Reflection In The Context of North East India, edited by R.L. Hnuni (Jorhat: ETC, Women Studies, 1999), 91. 

12 Natalie K. Watson, Feminist Theology (Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2003), 5.

13 Thanzauva, “Theological Education for Social Transformation, 91.