Ukilte pawimawhna: An hna thawh dan leh kalphung [Role of Advocates: Nature of functions and their ethics]
Dr. H.T.C. Lalrinchhana
1. Tute nge Ukil chu?
University Grants Commission (UGC) leh Bar Council of India (BCI)-in a pawm zirna in atanga LL.B (Bachelor of Laws) zirchhuak, India khua leh tui dik tak, kum 21 aia naupang loin [S. 24 of the Advocates Act, 1961] high court-a ‘bar council’ a ukil tura fee chawi tur tulte chawia inziaklut [S. 2 (a) of the Advocates Act, 1961] hi Ukil/Advocate chu a ni. Miin LLB zirchhuak mah se a awmna high court hnuaia bar council-ah ukil tur-a a inziaklut a nih loh chuan ukil/advocate a ni ringawt lo a, sorkar hnathawk lai tan LLB thiamna nei mah se ukil/advocate turin sorkar hna an bansan a nih loh chuan dan ang chuan a inziahluh ngawt theih bawk loh a ni.
Keini Mizoram chu Gauhati High Court hnuai-a awm kan ni a, chu vang chuan ukil/advocate hna Gauhati High Court huamchhunga thawk tur chuan Advocates Act, 1961 (Act No. 25 of 1961) dungzuiin ‘Bar Council of Assam, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh’ [Gauhati High Court kan intawm angin], Guwahati-a hmunpui nei hnuaiah inziahluh a ngai a ni. Tichuan ukil te hnathawh dan bung leh chang chu Advocates Act, 1961-in (Act No. 25 of 1961) a phuar zui ta a ni. Tin, Gauhati High Court hnuaia ukil zawng zawngte kalphung tur “Gauhati High Court (Conditions of Practise of Advocates) Rules, 2010” pawh kan nei bawk. Hetah hian ukil te tih tur leh tih loh tur te an incheina tur te chenin fel taka duan a ni.
Note: Mizoram Bar Council (MBA) kan tih hi chu Mizoram chhunga Mizo fa ukilte in telkhawmna pawl a ni.
2. Supreme Court-a ukil te:
Supreme court hnuaiah hian ukil/advocate hi chi thum an awm, chungte chu:
(a) Senior Advocates-
Chief Justice of India leh Supreme Court of India judge dangten dan thiam tawk a an ngaih, ukil hna thawh rei vang ni ngawt lovin chu ukil remtihpuina angin supreme court-a ukil hna thawkte zingah Senior Advocate turin an ruat thin a ni. Tin, high court-a chief justice leh judge hna lo thawk tawhte chu an hna an chawlhsan hnuin supreme court-a Senior Advocate anga ngaih nghal theih an ni [Order IV Rule 2 of the Supreme Court Rules, 1966]
Note: Senior Advocate nihna chungthu hi S. 16 of the Advocates Act, 1961 ah tarlan ani bawk. Hetah hi chuan Advocate te hi chi hnih awmin chu chu- Senior Advocate te leh Advocate pangngaite ti-a tarlan a ni.
(b) Advocates-on-Record-
Supreme Court of India hnuaia Examination Committee te remtihna in Secretary, Board of Examiner ni tura Chief Justice of India-in a ruat te huaihawt-a exam an buatsaih-a inziak tling te hi Advocates-on-Record niin anni ang tih loh advocate dangte chuan supreme court-ah hian thubuai an thehlut ve ngawt thei lova, midang ruaitute tan pawh supreme court-ah hian an ding ve ngawt thei lo a ni. [Order IV Rule 5 of the Supreme Court Rules, 1966]
(c) Advocate pangngaite:
Anni hi a chunga kan sawi tawh state (high court) khat-a bar council hnuaia ukil tura inziaklut te an ni a. Anni erawh hi chu Advocates-on-Record te thachhang dawl-a an ding a nih loh chuan supreme court-ah hian thubuai an thehlut thei ngawt lovin an ding ve thei ngawt lo a ni. [Order IV Rule 10 of the Supreme Court Rules, 1966].
Tichuan, Supreme Court-a ukil kan tarlante tihloh te chu ukil/advocate tura an inziahluhna high court leh a hnuaia court-ah te an dingin thubuai an thehlut thei vek thung a ni. Tin, high court hnuaiah pawh supreme court kalphung kan tarlan ang tho khan ukil hna lo thawh rei vang ni ringawt lovin an hna thiamna leh hriatna te milin high court chuan an zingah chuan Senior Advocate nihna chu a pe ve leh thin bawk a ni.
Note: Senior Advocate nihna chungthu hi S. 16 of the Advocates Act, 1961 ah tarlan ani bawk. Hetah hi chuan advocate te hi chi hnih awmin chu chu - Senior Advocate te leh Advocate pangngaite ti-a tarlan a ni.
3. Sorkar Ukil/Advocate te leh Mimal Ukil/Advocate te:
(1) Sorkar Ukil:
A. Sorkar laipui Ukilte:
India sorkar laipui tana thawk ukil zinga lal ber chu Attorney General of India niin a thachhang dawlah Solicitor General of India te, Addl. Solicitor General of India te, Asst. Solicitor General te an awm leh a ni. Attorney General of India dinhmun hi a pawimawh hle a, India ram President-in supreme court-a judge tura ruat tlak zing ami dan thiam chungchuangte chu ram danpui Article 76 (1) angin a ruat thin. Sorkar laipui inrelbawlna chungthuah dan anga rawtna leh thurawn pek pawh a tih tur a ni [Article 76 (2) of the Constitution of India]. Tin, a hna thawhna kawngah India ramchhunga khawi court-ah pawh thubuai chailai ngaithla thei tura dikna chanvo a nei a ni [Article 76 (3) of the Constitution of India].
‘Attorney General of India’ hian Parliament in pahnih Lok Sabha emaw Rajya Sabha thutkhawmnaah emaw an pahniha an thutkhawm pawhin parliament a member dangte ang bawkin a duhzawng thute sawi theiin parliament rorelna kawngdangah pawh a inrawlh ve zel thei a, vote lak a ngaih hunah vote a pe ve thei lo mai chauh a ni [Article 88 of the Constitution of India].
Sorkar laipui ukilte hi supreme court mai bakah high court tinah te district court ah te pawh sorkar laipui tana an din ang zela inrawihna pawisa pek turin an inzarpharh bawk a ni.
B. State Sorkar Ukilte:
State sorkar-a ukil zingah chuan Advocate General te hi a hotu ber an ni a, an thachhang dawltu turin Additional Advocate General te, Asst. Advocate General te, Govt. Advocate/Public Prosecutor te, Additional Govt. Advocate/Additional Public Prosecutor te, Assistant Govt. Advocate/Assistant Public Prosecutor te an awm leh a ni.
Note: Public Prosecutor (Addl./Asst.) te hi Criminal thubuai bik a sorkar tana Ukil ruatte an ni a, Govt. Advocate (Addl./Asst.) te hi Civil thubuai bika Sorkar tana Ukil ruatte an ni.
‘Advocate General’ dinhmun leh mawhphurhna hi a pawimawh hle. Governor-in high court judge nih tlingte zinga ukil tha leh tlingzo a tih chu ‘Advocate General’ turin a ruat thin a ni [Article 165 (1) of the Constitution of India]. Advocate General hi state sorkar-ah a tul anga thurawn leh rawtna te pe turin mawhphurhna a nei bawk a ni [Article 165 (1) of the Constitution of India].
Advocate General te hi state legislative assembly thutkhawmnaah leh state legislative council nei teah pawh chutiang legislative council-ah leh legislative assembly leh legislative council te thutkhawmnaah pawh a duhzawng a sawiin rorelnaah a tel ve vek thei a; vote pek angaih hunah Vote a pe ve theilo mai chauh a ni [Article 177 of the Constitution of India].
Note: Mizoram Sorkar chuan No. A. 45012/9/’98-LJE/Pt. dt. 5.1.2009 khan Mr. Biswajit Deb chu Advocate General of Mizoram turin a ruat a, chu chu lalna leh dinhmunah minister of state, govt. of Mizoram ang dinhmun chu No. J. 12016/40/2004-POL, the 13th February, 2009 angin a pe a ni (Vide, the Mizoram Gazette, Extra Ordinary; Vol. XXXVIII dt. 18/2/2009 Issue No. 60).
Keini Mizoramah chuan Sorkar Ukil kan tihte hi Sorkar hnathawk (Govt. Servant) annih loh avang hian [State thenkhatah chuan sorkar hnathawk anga ruat anni] Sorkar khinna thubuai ah tihloh chuan an mahni mimal in mi thubuai hi an la in rawihtheih tho an ni. Criminal thubuai atana Prosecutor ruatte hi chu ‘Criminal’ thubuai atan chuan rawihtheih anni hauhlo thung.
Note: Mizoram-a Sorkar Ukil kan tihte hnathawhdan leh kalphung hi ‘The Mizoram (Appointment, Duties, Fees etc. of Government Advocates) Rules, 1995’ hian a phuarin he dan anga ruat leh hna thawk hi an ni.
Directorate of Prosecution:
Section 25-A of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973-in a tarlan dan lo tarlang leh ila-
(i) Sorkar hian ‘Directorate of Prosecution’ chu Director of Prosecution leh Deputy Director of Prosecution a tul ang zahte ruatin a din ang
(ii) High court-a chief justice te berawnin state sorkar hian Director of Prosecution chu ukil kum sawm lo thawk tawhte atangin a ruat ang
(iii) Directorate of Prosecution chu home department enkawlna hnuaiah a awm ang
(iv) Advocate General te public prosecutor anga an din vena angah tih chauh lo chuan Directorate of Prosecution chuan public prosecutor leh a hnuaia mite hnathawh dan chu a vil ang
Note: Mizoram-ah chuan ‘Directorate of Prosecution’ hi kan la din ve lo a ni.
(2) Mimal-a Ukilte:
Sawi tawh angin an hnathawh dan bung leh chang hi the Advocates Act, 1961-in a phuar a, rorelna court-a thubuai neite emaw nei turte emaw thubuai hla buai nei ten an duh angin an ruai thei a ni. A awmzia chu mimal-a damlo en tura doctor (private doctor) kan tih anga mimal rawih theiha awmte an ni. Ukilte hnathawhdan chungthu-a hriat tur pawimawh te-
= Advocate/ukilte hian an mahni ruaitute lehkha pawimawhte hi inrawihna pawisa an inpek fel loh avang maiin an hreng ngawt thei lo a ni [R.D. Saxena Vs. Balram Prasad Sharma, 2000 AIR 2912, 2000 (2) Suppl. SCR 598, 2000 (7) SCC 264, 2000 (6) SCALE 42, 2000 (9) JT 432]
= Ziakin pechhuak turin a ruaituin dilna a siam hnu-ah ukil chuan ‘Thurochhiah’ ukil duansak a duangtu ukilin a kawlthat sak chu a pe chhuak duh lo a, chu chu supreme court chuan ukil te chet pawlawhna/dan bawhchhiatna a ni, a ti a ni [Mr. John D Sauza Vs. Edward, 1994 AIR 975: 1994 SCC (2) 64: JT 1993 Supl. 327: 1993 SCALE (4) 702]
= Ukil zawng zawngte hian an inrawihna chungthuah thubuai ngaihtuah ni hmasa ber atanga a ruaitu tana ding ngei turin mawhphurhna a nei a ni [Lt. Co. S.J. Chaudhary Vs. State (Delhi Admn.), 1984 Cr. LJ 340: (1984) 2 SCR 438]
= Ukil ruaitu pakhat chuan a ukil rawih mek thlaka ukil dang rawih a duh avangin chu ukil hnenah chuan ‘No Objection Certificate’ a dil a, inrawihna pawisa a la pek tlak loh avangin “No Objection Certificate’ chu a pe chhuak duh lo va, supreme court chuan chu chu dan diklo niin thubuai nei tawh phawtin an ukil rawih mek an ring zo lo a nih chuan inrawihna pawisa la pe kim lo pawh ni se ukil an duhang zawng ruai thei tura dikna chanvo an nei, a ti a ni [C.S. Venkatsubramaniam Vs. State Bank of India, 1997 AIR 2329, 1996 (9) Suppl. SCR 67, 1997 (1) SCC 254, 1996 (9) SCALE 11, 1996 Suppl. JT 38]
= Ukilte inthlahdahna leh tuldang avanga court-a inlan ‘Thuhretute’ thu zawhfiahna tur thulha ruahmanna dang siamfel si loh chu ukilte dan kalha chetna a ni, tiin Supreme Court hian a lo rel tawh a ni [N.G. Dastane Vs. Shrikant S. Shivde & Anr., [AIR 2001 SC 2028: 2001 AIR SCW 1929: 2001 (6) SCC 135: 2001 (3) SCALE 619]
= Ukilte hian nuar (strike) tur emaw court rorel thulh (boycott) tura hmala turin dikna chanvo an nei lo a ni [U.P. Sales Tax Association Vs. Taxation Bar Association, [AIR 1996 SC 98: 1995 AIR SCW 3759: 1995 (5) SCC 716: (1995) Supp. 3 SCR 228 & State of uttar Pradesh Vs. Ram Sewak, AIR 2003 SC 2141: 2003 (2) SCC 161: 2003 AIR SCW 16: 2002 (9) SCALE 619]
= Mi tupawh hian a duhang zawng mi ngei chauh ukil a rawih hi a dikna chanvo bulthum ‘Fundamental Rights’ ram danpui Article 22 (1) angin a ni [State of Madhya Pradesh vs. Shobharam and Ors., AIR 1966 SC 1910]. Hei ang hian S. 303 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 ah pawh tarlan a ni.
= Bombay High Court chuan ukil leh a ruaitu ten inrawihna lehkha ‘Vakalatnama’-ah hming an ziahhnan dun tawhin court-in a lo pawm tawh a nih chuan inrawihna pawisa inpek loh tih chhuanlam-a hmangin thubuai relfel ni tura ruatah pawh ukil-in a dinsak duh loh hi a thiang lo a ni a ti a ni [State of Maharastra Vs. Prakashchand B. Kankaria, 2004 (1) Mh LJ 806]
Achunga tarlan te leh kawngdang pawha ukilte chet mawi loh thuah hian state bar council hian zualkona thu a dawnin emaw kawngdang pawha chet mawi lohna thu a lo hriatin ‘disciplinary committee’ a dinte hmangin (i) hremna pek te (ii) ukil an nihna eng emaw hunchhung atana chawlhtir te (iii) advocate-a an inziah luhna thai bo saktein a hrem thei a ni [S. 35 of the Advocates Act, 1961].
State bar council-a inziak lut kher lo-a ukil hna lo thawkte chet mawi lohna leh pawlawhna thuah zualkona thu a dawnin emaw ama hriatna ang pawhin Bar Council of India hian hremna a pe thei a ni [S. 36 of the Advocates Act, 1961]
4. Tute nge court-ah mi aiawhin thubuaiah ding thei?
Mi aia rorelna court-a ding thei te hi ukil/advocate te, the Advocates Act, 1961-in a phut anga ukil tura inziak lutte chauh hi an ding thei a ni. [Ss. 29 & 33 of the Advocates Act, 1961]. Ukil rawih dawn chuan inrawihna lehkha ‘Vakalatnama’ chu a ruaitu leh a mi rawih ukil chuan hming an ziahhnan a ngai a, chu chu an dinna tur court-a thehluh tur a ni.
5. Advocate/ukilte leh judge/magistrate te inlaichinna
Ukil/Advocate chu kan sawifiah chiang tawhah ngai ila, court lama roreltu judge/magistrate te hi sorkar hnathawk ukil/advocate tih nena hranghlak an niin hriatpawlh chi leh ngaihpawlh tur chi an ni lo. Mi thubuai-a aiawha court hma-a dingte hi ukil/advocate te an ni a, chu court-a dan anga ro lo reltute chu judge/magistrate te an ni.
6. Thubuai chungthu-ah tunge rawn/rawih tur?
Ukil chauh hi court-a thubuai neite tan an aiawh atana rawihtheih an nih thu kan sawi tawh a, mi thenkhat court-a roreltu judge/magistrate te thubuai chungthu-a biakrawn ching leh chhanna pawh anni hnen atanga dawn beisei thin an la awm chawk a, hei hi dan kalh a ni a, roreltu judge/magistrate te hian an hnena thubuai kal mekah phei chuan thubuai nei mek te biakrawn theiha a lo awm a nih chuan dan angin a chungah hremna a pek theih-a Mizoram-a district level-a kan judge/magistrate te hi chutiang-a biakruk/biakrawn theihin an lo awm a nih chuan ‘The Mizoram Judicial Service Rules, 2006-in [Appendix- A (rule 30)] a khapsak bur a, an chungah hremna lek ngei tur zawk a ni.
A tawizawngin sawi ila judge/magistrate te hi an chenna in lamah emaw an office/chamber-ah pawh thubuai chungthu-a biakrawn thiang loh an ni a, thubuai neite chungthuah chuan ‘court room’-ah dan angin an ngaithlain an rel thei chauh a ni. Thubuai kaihhnawihah emaw dan lamah emaw hriat loh kan nei emaw harsatna kan neih chuan ukil te hi rawn tur zawk an ni. Judge/magistrate te hi kan hriat loh/thiam loh min hrilhfiah leh kawng min kawhhmuh tura beisei hi a thiang lo va, dik leh dik lo te, tling leh tling lo, tlak leh tlak lo te dan hmanga bukna hmanga lo buk mai hi an hnathawh tur niin, chu chu sorkarin a rawih chhan zawk chu a ni. A awmzia dik takah chuah court a roreltute dan inhrilhriatna programme-ah emaw a dan chungchang an sawi emaw thubuai kal lai chungthuah phei chuan thurawn pek zut zut emaw ngaihdan lo sawi ve phet an tum chuan an hna an hai emaw hetiang hna thawk tlak lo emaw an ni zawk hial ang.
Note: Sorkar inrelbawlna thuang dang hrim hrimah pawh sorkar hnathawk mipui dawr leh biak tur chi te, thenkhat chu mipui ban phak chiah loh, ngaihdan leh thurawn mipui hnena pek mai mai fuh lo leh thiang lo zawk an awm zawk thin tih pawh kan hriat a tha. Diktak chuan, sorkar hnathawk te hi mipui that tlanna ‘Public Interest’ atana thawk tur an ni a, dawr nuam leh thil sawi zung zung chi mitin tihlawm tum ‘public understanding’ emaw an hna chanpual ‘allocation of business rules’ piah lam hrat a mipui tihlawm leh tlawn tum nazawng an awm hian ‘public interest’ ni lovin an hna tur hre lem lo an ni zawk thei a, chu chuan hun lo kal leh turah buaina zakhua, mipui tan harsatna a thlen zawk thin. Pafa sabengtung zuar ang siarin sorkar inrelbawlna kalpui theih a ni dawn a ni. Mi zawng zawng hriatthiam tawk a thawk lovin mi zawng zawng tana tha tur zawkin sorkar hna hi thawh tur a ni tihna a nih chu. Mizo khawtlang nun hi inpawh leh innel tawn vek, chhiatni thatni-a inlawm tawn vek kan nih avang hian dik tak leh tlingzo taka hna thawh aiin hmelhriat chhungkhat leh mi biakthatna zawnga kalpui a nih rei tawh avangin hmasawnna hna pawh a thuanawp thui phah tawh mai thei. Sorkar hnathawk pangngaite pawh englai pawhin thleibik nei lo ‘impartial’ turin ‘conduct rules’ ah tarlan a ni a, mipui ten dikna chanvo kan neih chu inzir peiha, sorkar inrelbawlna dan leh hraite kan hriat tur tawk tal zir peih a, langtlang sorkar tura min lo duan tawhna ‘Right to Information Act’ te hman tangkai a ni.
Mipui leh sorkar inlaichinna lam ‘Public Relation’ lam hna thawk te leh chutiang kaihhnawih sorkar department te chu an awm ang, kan tihfuhlohna tam ber zawk erawh hi chu rilru-a chhia leh tha hriatna thiangtak ang ni lemlova, in chim nu nu a sorkar hna kan thawhfo hi a pawizawk a ni, hetiang anih avang hian mipui thatna ‘Public Interest’ ni lovin mipui nawlpui hriatthiamtawk ‘Public understanding’ in kan kal a, chu chuan a tawpah mipui tawrhna leh sorkar chhangchhia a siam thei a ni. Mipui te hriatthiam ang tawkzela sorkar hna thawh hi chu a nuam anga, mipui thatna tinzawn-a dan leh hrai anga hnathawh erawh hi chu sorkar hnathawk zinga mi dik leh huaisen, mipui hmakhua thlir pha, kum tam lokal leh tur hmuphakte tih theih chauh zawk a ni ang. Chuti anih loh chuan engtik ni ah emaw chuan rethei leh hausa kar nasa lutuk hi zual zelin tun aimah hian tih zim a harsa tawh ang.
Tlawmngaipawl ni-a inchhal meuhte zingah pawh hlawkna leh hamthatna bil behchhan-a sorkar leh a hnathawkte kar chingte, innghahna lungphum leh mipui himtlanna ngaihtuahpha lemlova, mahni-a pawimawh ni a lo indah ve ngawt belhchian dawl silo te, chutiang sorkar hnathawk zingah lo tlawn leh mahni sahimna atana lo hman tangkai ching awm thin hi kan invenna tur zawk chu a ni. Mipui rorelna ‘Democracy’ hlawhchhamna zirmiten an zirchhuah fo chu a dik, tlo leh khuarei daih aia a ban phar tam lam lam thu keuhthluk fona hi a ni a, hei hi ‘Democracy principle’ hriatsualna leh hmansual fona ani in a tuartu chu mipui abikin mi chhumchhiate kan ni leh zawk thin. A hman hman leh tlawn peih peihte nilo mipui sorkar hi hmasawnna pawchhuak theitu zawk chu a ni.
7. Sorkar senso-va Ukil rawihsak:
Ram danpui Article 39-A-in a tarlan angin civil thubuai a ni emaw criminal thubuaiah retheihna vangte, harsatna vangte, dinhmun hnuaihnung vangtein sorkarin ukil a rawihsak thei a, chu chu The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 angin duanchhuah a ni a, dilna form siamsa hmangin district-ah chuan secretary, District Legal Services Authority hnenah dil theih a ni. Tin, member secretary, State Legal Services Authority hnenah a dil theih bawk.
‘Criminal’ thubuai bikah phei chuan Sessions Judge Court-a thubuai neite chu Sessions Judge hian an mamawh dan azirin S. 304 of The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 angin ukil a pe nghal mai thei a ni.
District tinah hetianga sorkar sensova ‘civil’ leh ‘criminal’ thubuai atana ukil rawihsak theihte hi kumtin sorkar hian a ruat (panel of advocate) thin a ni.
8. Tlangkawmna:
Ukil te rawihna man pawisa hi keini state-ah chuan bitukna dan a awm lo va, a ruaitu leh a ukil rawihte inbiakremna ang zel chauh hmanga inruai an ni thin. Inrawihna pawisa inpek lawk leh pek lawk loh thu pawh anmahni inbiakremna anga kalpui niin ukil te hian an thubuai lak chu an chakpui tur leh chakpui loh tur roreltu leh thutlukna siamtu an nih loh miau avangin an hre lawk bik thin lova. Ukil inrawihna kalpui danah chuan an thubuai chu an chakpui emaw chakpui lo pawh nise an inbiakremna ang inrawihna man chu an in pe tla tho thin a ni.
Ukil te hi ‘court officer’ te ti-a koh an ni a, court-a roreltuten dan anga ro an relfel theihna atana lungthu pawimawh tak rorelna ‘court’ puia a tul anga finchhuahtu an ni. Milian leh mite te tana dinsak thin, dikna-a rorelna a awmtheihna atana roreltute puitu an nih avang hian an hna pawh hi ‘Kohna Chungchuang’ (Noble Calling) ti hialin ziaktuten an lo ko thin a ni. Chu chuan a entir chu ukil te hna hlawhtlinna hi pawisa hlawhchhuah tam lam ngawt aiin, tanpuitu leh chhantu nei lote dan anga chhanchhuah leh zalentir hi an hna pui ber tur chu a ni. Misualte chhantu leh dawt leh phuahchawp hmanga thubuai kalpui thintute ni lovin dan anga finfiahna kimchang leh pawmnahawm a awmtheihna atana rorelna ‘court’ te puitu zawk an ni.